Learning Guide for the

Sinhala Alphabet

alphabet sinhala

The Sinhala alphabet, derived from the ancient Brahmi script, is an abugida writing system that has evolved to meet modern communication needs. It consists of 41 consonants and 18 vowels, although some sources cite slight variations due to additional characters used in classical or Sanskrit loanwords. The script includes both independent and dependent vowel forms, with the latter used in conjunction with consonants to form syllables. Consonants are modified by diacritical marks to represent different sounds, following an abugida structure where each character typically represents a consonant with an inherent vowel. This complex system allows for a rich phonetic representation, making Sinhala writing both intricate and versatile.

සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව

Contents

  • Introduction
  • How it works?
  • Forming a syllable
  • The Sinhala alphabet
    • - Consonants
    • - Vowels

Romanization

Romanization created from international phonetics.

Phonetic API

Transcription based on the International Phonetic Alphabet.

The consonants

There are a total of 41 Sinhala consonants. These consonants are organized according to their place of articulation and mode of production, following a traditional phonetic structure inherited from Sanskrit. Each consonant has an inherent vowel /a/, which can be modified by diacritics to create different syllables.

Sinhala consonants include aspirated and unaspirated sounds, retroflex consonants specific to languages of the Indian subcontinent, as well as nasal and fricative consonants. This phonetic richness allows Sinhala to express a wide variety of sounds and linguistic nuances.

k
kh
ɡ
gh
ng
h
tch
tch
dj
dj
gn
y
ch
djgn
th
th
dd
dd
n
l
ch
l
t
t
d
d
n
r
s
ndj
p
p
b
b
m
v
f
/k/
/k/
/ɡ/
/g/
/ŋ/
/h/
/tʃ/
/tʃ/
/dʒ/
/dʒ/
/ɲ/
/j/
/ʃ/
/d͡ʒɲ/
/ʈ/
/ʈ/
/ɖ/
/ɖ/
/ɳ/
/l/
/ʃ/
/ɭ/
/t/
/t/
/d/
/d/
/n/
/r/
/s/
/nd͡ʒ/
/p/
/p/
/b/
/b/
/m/
/ʋ/
/f/

The vowels

In Sinhala, vowels can appear in two ways: independent or dependent. In other words, it depends on their position in the syllable. Of the 16 vowels, 12 are single vowels and 4 are diphthongs.

a
aa
è
èè
i
ii
u
uu
ru
ruu
é
éé
ai
o
o
au
/a/
/aː/
/æ/
/æː/
/i/
/iː/
/u/
/uː/
/ru/
/ruː/
/e/
/eː/
/aj/
/o/
/oː/
/au/